📚 Principles of Commerce – Notes, Explanations & Insights
Welcome to the Principles of Commerce section of my blog, where you’ll find well-structured notes, clear explanations, and practical insights to help you master key concepts in commerce. Whether you’re a student of AKUEB, matric, or intermediate level, these resources are designed to strengthen your understanding and improve your performance in exams. Stay tuned for regular updates, solved questions, and helpful tips from an experienced educator.
These comprehensive notes are designed for Intermediate (HSSC-I) students of the Board of Intermediate Education Karachi (BIEK) and Karachi University as well as all Boards of Intermediate & Secondary Education across Punjab, Sindh, KPK, Balochistan, and Azad Kashmir. Whether you’re preparing for your annual exams or looking to strengthen your understanding of Commerce, these notes will help you excel.
We’re confident that with our well-structured content, you’ll be able to score maximum marks in your exams!
Table of Contents:
- 1) Commerce Notes 1st Year / 11th Class / XI / HSSC-I for Karachi Board and Any Intermediate Board
- 2) Chapterwise Notes
- 3) Past Papers / Old Papers of Principles of Commerce (BIEK)
- 4) Important Multiple Choice Questions and Short and Long Questions
- 5) Chapterwise Important Questions for Exams
- 6) Guess Papers For Exams
Chapterwise Notes
- 1) Introduction to Business and Commerce
- a) Definition of Business and Its Essential Features
- b) Industry and Its Kinds
- c) Trade and Classification of Trade
- d) Commerce and Functions / Scope of Commerce or Auxiliaries to Trade
- e) Qualities of a Good Businessman
- f) Profession
- g) Differences between Industry and Commerce
- h) Differences between Economics and Business
- i) Differences between Commerce and Trade
- j) Essential Elements for Establishing a New Business / Problems before Starting a New Business/Fundamental Factors For Commencement of a New Business
- 2)Sole-Proprietorship
- a) Definition of Sole-Proprietorship and Its Characteristics
- b) Merits or Advantages of Sole-Proprietorship
- c) Demerits or Disadvantages of Sole-Proprietorship
- d) Suitability of Sole-Proprietorship
- 3)Partnership:
- a) Definition of Partnership and Its Characteristics
- b) Partnership Agreement or Deed and Contents of Partnership Deed
- c) Kinds of Partners
- d) Rights of Partners
- e) Duties of Partners
- f) Liabilities of Partners
- g) Registration of Partnership
- h) Advantages of Partnership
- i) Disadvantages of Partnership
- j) Reconstruction or Dissolution of Partnership
- k) Dissolution of Partnership Firm
- 3)Joint Stock Company / Corporation / Company:
- a) Definition of Company & Its Characteristics
- b) Advantages of Company
- c) Disadvantages of Company
- d) Kinds of Companies
- e) Incorporation Process of Company
- f) Memorandum of Association
- g) Articles of Association
- h) Prospectus
- i) Statement in Lieu of Prospectus
- j) Differences between Articles of Association and Memorandum of Association
- k) Differences between Private and Public Company
- l) Differences between Share and Debenture
- m) Differences between Soleproprietorship , Partnership and Company
Past Papers:
- 2024
Important Questions and Answers-MCQs, Short & Long Questions:
- 2024
Important Questions-Chapterwise:
- 2024